"No one is
as murderously 'Islamophobic' as Islamists are." Nick Cohen (The Observer)[1]
"I believe in the religion of Islam. I believe in Allah and peace." Muhammad Ali [2]
In what ways does "‘Citizen Khan’" reinforce Islamphobia?
"I believe in the religion of Islam. I believe in Allah and peace." Muhammad Ali [2]
In what ways does "‘Citizen Khan’" reinforce Islamphobia?
As ‘Citizen
Khan’ was watched throughout the summer, it had the most negative welcome on
television as the audience had criticised on social networking sites such as
Facebook and Twitter which had caused a big controversy especially
for the writer, Adil Ray in reality and cyber reality. Discussed in the
Guardian, "Was ‘Citizen Khan’ had been written
in 1972? The Pakistani stereotypes are just painful"[3],
many people had argued that ‘Citizen Khan’ had portrayed many negative stereotype
of Islam as a whole; this links to Islamphobia, Islamphobia is being fear of
all Muslims/ Islamic persons, the word can be applied to any criticism of
Muslim or Islam practice. It had created a moral panic in today society as
the actual meaning was being changed “A condition, episode, person
or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values
and interest; its nature is presented in a stylized and stereotypical fashion
by the mass media...”[4]
and the audience started interpreted that ‘Citizen
Khan’ subvert the opinion that it reinforces Islamphobia as there are no signs
of Islamphobia in the show. As the writer Adil Ray was trying to show his
interpretation of life as a Muslim; As ‘Citizen Khan’ shows a Muslim’s nuclear family
living a normal life which connotes to his younger life; the show is relevant
to post 9/11 as the sitcom was also investigated by Ofcom “The TV regulator
has received about 20 complaints about the sitcom, which debuted on BBC1 in
Monday night, and is now assessing them”[5].
Ofcom can have big disadvantaged on the shows
rating and on the broadcaster themselves as Ofcom can be used by the government
to hide the truth or distort facts; the writer Adil Ray is trying to uncover
the truth to the public about Muslim life through a humorous way.
Ofcom did have an effect on the broadcaster, BBC has it had more viewers
on the show on the second night than the
first night as the complaint made more watch the programme. BBC as whole is
funded by the public through a government scheme called the license fee; the
main mission statement of BBC is to inform, educate and entertain with every programme
created as ‘Citizen Khan’ does as well by informing the public about the Muslim
culture, educating by teaching them the norms and values of life and
introducing humour in to the day to day life of the characters making it
entertaining. As in ‘Citizen Khan’, Mr Khan played by Adil Ray compares himself
to being a dedicated Muslim but part of the British culture as well as he does
not want to pay for his daughter’s four day wedding so he
recommends the British way of marriage “20 minutes in the registry office and
cucumber sandwich”[6].
This also subverts and does not reinforce Islamphobia as it shows a normal
family conversation in which helps the British side and Asian identify with the
ways of marriage that able to them, this relates to the type of audience that
will watch ‘Citizen Khan’ as the audience could be either British or Asian.
But
the certain audience that will be viewing ‘Citizen Khan’ are linked to the
typical C1 & C2 demographics as they may be working class people trying to
relate to a family, this means they can identify with the family as Mr Khan is
a working man providing for his family. ‘Citizen Khan’ viewers can be linked to
Stuart Hall’s, theory, “the spectacle of the ‘other’ ”[7] as
over the representation of Muslims had changed so had the audience
interpretations due to 9/11 many films such as ‘The Agency’, the film had
replicated Osama Bin Laden’s plans as the meaning of ‘other’ is replicating
Muslims terrorist to be compared to aliens as they are outsiders and a threat
to society before the 9/11 the ‘other’ was the IRA ( Irish Terrorist) so ‘The
Agency’ (2001-2003 broadcasted by CBS) replicates Terrorism. An audience
theory closely link to ‘Citizen Khan’ is the Uses & Gratification discussed
by Blumler and Katz[8],
diversion as the audience may want to escape their normal life,
personal relationships may be created with the audience as
relationship are portrayed through ‘Citizen Khan’ in Family and community. The
audience may see themselves reflected in the texts generating personal
identification and another is surveillance which does not link
with the text. The audience psychographics[9] that
may watch ‘Citizen Khan’ is a mainstreamer as people that use social networking
sites may want to conform and fit in so they don’t stand out from their fellow
users, also they may be mainstreamers as the broadcaster BBC can be connected
to brand identity. The audience can be connected to Islamphobia as if a TV
channel like BBC showed a programme that reinforced Islamphobia that will
affect its rating as the world is a multi cultural society in which Muslims are
watching the programme to and do not want to stereotyped.
Negativity
is used throughout ‘Citizen Khan’ as some stereotypes do reinforce
Islamphobia as a scene from ‘Citizen Khan’ shows an discussion about
immigration “Immigrants are those Europeans”[10]
but as the scene progresses the daughter implies that he is an
immigrant as well this implies that all Muslims are immigrants who come from
different countries to take over jobs, this can be linked to the 7/7 bombings
as all the bombers were British born who do not work so Islamphobia in a sense
in ‘Citizen Khan’ is pitied in relation to Alvarado[11]
as Mr Khan was once a immigrant and is a Muslims so Mr Khan is represented as
man who took over the jobs of British Citizens. However Adil Ray did not want this to be the
preferred reading of the text this is when “He/she detotalizes the message in
the preferred code in order to retotalize the message within some alternative
framework of references”[12];
he wanted to show the daily life of a British Muslim struggling to make a name
for him in society. The oppositional reading of the text was that Muslims were
being represented negatively in the aspect of the Mr Khan’s daughter using the
Quran to cover up reading a modern magazine.
‘Citizen Khan’ shows that Muslims are going through a sense of
change to modernity due to the new generation, as Mr Khan's children Shazia and
Alia are wearing “white masks”[13]
to betray society; as the audience feel like normal Muslims children
would not be open about relationship like Amjad and Shazia This also
links on to Alia who tries to impress her friends to conform to groups but
wants to be a good Muslim and make her parents proud but she tries to deceive
her parents into saying she going to study really going to party. Alia's
character in ‘Citizen Khan’ builds up a connection with another film which
relates particularly well with the stereotypes put across young Muslim women as
Muslims women have changed and adapted to fit in to the strict and modern
surroundings in society as 'Yasmin'(2004) is about “one
young British Muslim woman's experiences in a working
class in the north of England after 9/11. The film aims to
make sophisticated observations about identity crises alienation ;
the central character, coexist uneasily demands of
her traditionalist father and the community of which they are part,
while carrying on a clandestine relationship with John, a white male
fellow worker.”[14]
Relating
to the points above ‘Citizen Khan’ also has an positive aspect as it is shown
as a peaceful and content religion throughout ‘Citizen Khan’, this is shown
through the basic father and daughter conversation about the bird and the bees,
“covers are off and you let him play on your pitch”[15]
this shows a more sensitive side to Mr Khan as he is a caring and loving person
as he not only shown as a Muslims but a family man. As most of ‘Citizen Khan’
is shown in mosque the resembles devotion and determination of the religion the
most of the sitcom does not reinforces Islamphobia to the audience as it shows
that Muslims are not only terrorist but just a religion as before the 9/11
period Muslims were seen as “sophisticated, diverse and historically fluid”[16] so over the years especially in ‘Citizen Khan’
the representation has been changed and adapted due to the 9/11 bombings many
individuals aspect of Muslims have changed. The information about Muslims was being fed to audiences through
mediums like the media, this is related to the hypodermic needle “But those
effects are no longer presumed to be simple as a hypodermic needle injecting
emotions or ideas into a spectator” [17] ; the hypodermic needle is a theory about the way
that the audience receives the information transmitted via a media text without
any attempt to process or challenge any data, The hypodermic needle[18] was used by the government to communicate a
message through propaganda in the first world war.
Another
sitcom like ‘Citizen Khan’ in its own century was ‘Mind Your Language’, it was
shown in 1977; the show was broadcasted by London Weekend
Television (LWT) (now part of ITV London), ITV makes it profit
through commercial/advertisements. The show was schedule to be shown at the
weekend after 6-7pm as it was a family show much like ‘‘Citizen Khan’’ which
made the sitcom be suitable to be shown at primetime. The show had target
audience of white middle class as white people found it humorous to watch
ethnic minorities suffer learning English as their second language by going
back to school in which was said by the screen online that ‘Mind Your Language’
was “the new multi-racial comedy series”.[19]
This links to ‘Citizen Khan’ as it is a multicultural programme too which shows
different types of people like Kris who is a Muslim convert.
Mind your language is quiet similar to ‘Citizen Khan’ in most aspect like the comedic
side but ‘Citizen Khan’ relies more on the stereotypical side of Muslims as it
is the writer Adil Ray’s interpretation of life but ‘Mind Your Language’ is self-representation
of the country at that stage as it was going through the post-colonial era as
the media had used this as an opportunity to put down different ethnicity, “media
images command too much attention and can be exploited at times of crisis and
security of kind that post 9/11 produces”[20] and still is
but when ‘Mind Your Language’ had come out many ethnic minorities were taking
over the white peoples jobs, this had created moral panic in 1977 “I am coming here for be learning
the English”[21] in which ‘Mind Your Language’ had been created by
white middle class authorities at that stage of the post colonial era they
promote hegemony as the creators had subordinated common sense which means that
they had been feeding the target audience to become more racist and
stereotypical over the years, this can be linked to why people link Islamphobia
to being in fear of Muslims.
So issues in the society have changed over the years
as in the past, in ‘Mind Your Language’ as they tried to include many countries
due to the post-colonialism beginning, as England had tried to bring people
over from different countries; in the sitcom, ‘Mind Your Language’ they try to
teach English to people from different countries in which they have taught
them. This was changed over the recent years due to the 9/11
attacks & the 7/7 bombings in which TV especially
American television had changed their aspect of Muslims. Muslims are seen
as “Dangerous, Pitied, Exotic and Humorous”[22]
in both shows this reinforces Islamphobia as you can link those statement with
terrorism as dangerous as they blow them self up when doing acts of terrorism,
pitied as Muslims are seen to be immigrants from different countries, exotic as
they come from hot countries which have wars going and humorous as they are
portrayed in shows like ‘Citizen Khan’ and ‘Mind Your language’.
Islamphobia
had been represented negatively in the media since the 9/11 bombings happened
and the religion Islam was connected to it due to Osama Bin Laden’s plans
because he was a Muslim, connected to jihadism, many people were connected to
the 9/11 bombings even people who were differently religion and because of
expressing their religion, “So,
Islam was explicitly represented as a problem, and this was reinforced by
the reference to Khaled Kelkal, accused of participating in a number of
terrorist attacks in the summer of 1995, and shot by police on 29 September of
the same year.”[23]. The
9/11 bombing had become a globalised news linking on to Galtung and Ruge[24]
theory “they argue that there are culture-bound factors influencing the
transition from ‘events’ to ‘news’”[25],
as is a event becomes more newsworthy it will concern more people therefore will become a news item. So linking
this with ‘Citizen Khan’ as it started to become regulated by Ofcom it had
creating a controversy by people therefore became a news item in the media and
became the top trend on twitter everyone was talking about in the summer. Hegemony takes a big part in the media as the
audience throughout 9/11 was feed information which had caused Islamphobia, “The
discourse of terror post 9/11 has become globalized both in the flows and
formation of the world’s news media and conduct of geo-political ambitions”[26].
Post 9/11 had changed the narrative of films and TV episodes as binary
oppositions[27]
good vs. bad, as the bad is the Middle Eastern society; this links to ‘Citizen
Khan’ as there has been a change in society and politics since more people are
expecting in society that not all Muslims are bad people.
Even though many shows show
negative stereotypes of Muslims, ‘Citizen Khan’ is just parodying the culture. Sitcoms
do not show danger of Muslims and society but it does show aspects of other
culture to try to accept Islam for example the white guy converting to Islam
and becoming the head of the mosque instead of the head of the church. As a
Muslim, ‘Citizen Khan’ does not reinforces many types of examples that linked
Muslims to Islamphobia but ‘Citizen Khan’ as a sitcom it has subverted but
stereotyped the Muslims culture by making a mockery of the show, this had an effect on Muslims &
British individuals on social networking sites like twitter; “@Original
Ted: ’Citizen Khan’ is just s***, why
try make Islam look like that?”[28],
as Muslims had been mad because their religion, Islam had been made of a
mockery due to the daughter using the Quran to cover up reading a modern
magazine “HIGHLY disappointed especially when
her father walks in and she un-respectfully opens the Koran!”[29]The
writer Mr Adil Ray who also played Mr Khan main aim wasn’t to stereotype
Muslims or to make fun of the Islamic/ Pakistani culture; it was to show there
is another side to Islam another then jihadist blowing themselves in acts of
terrorism. But ‘Citizen Khan’ was created to “But
Ray, a British Muslim, told BBC Radio Five Live: ‘Citizen Khan’ is not a Muslim
comedy, it is a British family sitcom. It is family comedy with universal
themes of hypocrisy, deceit, and relationships that we can all connect to.’”[30]
‘Citizen Khan’ & Adil Ray’s main aim was to show the norms and values of family
lifestyle. The overall hypothesis didn’t agree with opinion created by me as I
believe that not all sitcoms reinforce Islamphobia; as some subvert the idea of
Islamphobia to get the society to get more knowledge on the Muslim culture by
include many British family stereotypes.
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